Photosynthesis in plants is influenced by several factors such as the leaf area, the level of chlorophyll, and the environmental factors. The reduced competition and increased availability of resources like nutrients, soil moisture and light paved way for higher leaf area per plant leaf area index. Gene effects for specific leaf area and harvest index in. Groundnut productivity is low in the semiarid tropics mainly because of drought caused by low and erratic rainfall. A simple, costeffective method for leaf area estimation.
Effect of dates of sowing on growth and yield of groundnut crop. Under elevated co 2, any storage of the extra carbohydrate in the leaves or any reallocation of biomass to thicker leaves would tend to increase leaf mass more than leaf area, thereby decreasing sla. The groundnut plant produces runners horizontal stems which in turn produce flowers at each node. Genotypes that have ability to use limited available water efficiently are required to enhance productivity of the crop. The topsoil must thus have a low clay content less than 20% with a loose. Leaf area index lai is a dimensionless quantity that characterizes plant canopies. It is a key parameter in ecophysiology, especially for scaling up the gas exchange from leaf to canopy level. Location of measurements, measurement design and equipment litterfall is collected according to the specific manual sampling and analysis of litterfall icp forests manual, part xiii.
Leaf area index mean increase with npk treatment about 0. The eggs are shiny white and are laid singly underside of the leaflets. Role and importance of cobalt nutrition on groundnut arachis. Lai can be simply defined as the amount of leaf surface area per unit ground area, and has broad applications in ecophysiology, water balance modeling, and characterization of vegetationatmosphere interactions. Results revealed that the number of pods per plant, pod yield, kernel yield and leaf area index had significantly varied due to variation in dates of sowing. In conifers, three definitions for lai have been used. The function of the hypocotyl is to push the seed to the soil surface during germination, and its length is determined by planting depth. The two groundnut varieties showed identical pattern of results for leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate and crop growth rate as well as yield.
All recorded traits improved significantly with increasing fertilization levels. All the weed control treatments significantly enhanced the growth and yield compared with the weedy check. Shiny white eggs are laid singly, usually on the underside of the leaflets, close to the midribs, and are just visible to the naked eye fig. Peanut is grown in about 120 countries in the world in a total area of 24. The amount of foliage in the plant canopy is one of the basic ecological characteristics commonly quantified by leaf area index lai. Quality control to estimating leaf area index with remote sensing imagery. Weights of the total above ground plant and the pods were measured after drying in a forcedair drying oven at 70 c until the weight stabilized. Role and importance of cobalt nutrition on groundnut. The young larvae mine into the leaves as soon as they hatch. Leaf area index is defined as the projected area of leaves over a unit of land m2 m. Influence of plant spacing and weeds on growth and yield.
Pdf peanut leaf area index, light interception, radiation. It is an important oil crop of south american origin bolivia and adjoining countries and is cultivated in tropical and warm temperate climates. It is defined as the onesided green leaf area per unit ground surface area in broadleaf canopies. Nigam, s n and upadhyaya, h d and chandra, s and rao, r c n and wright, g c and reddy, a g s 2001 gene effects for specific leaf area and harvest index in three crosses of groundnut arachis hypogaea. Twelve landraces of kerstings groundnut kerstingiella geocarpa harms, collected from northern ghana in 2004 were evaluated for plant height, canopy spread, leaf area index, nodule count, days to 50% flowering, fresh and dry shoot weight, fresh and dry root weight, pod number per plant, grain yield and hundred seed weight. Real time estimation of leaf area index and groundnut yield. This paper introduces a costeffective alternative called here millimeter graph paper method for standard electronic leaf area meter, using a millimeter graph paper. The data are a compilation of fieldobserved data from 1,216 locations obtained from 554 literature sources published between 1932 and 2011. Increased weeding frequencies increased leaf area index. Half of the total needle surface area per unit ground surface area projected needle area per unit ground area total needle surface area per unit ground area the definition half the total leaf area pertains to biological processes, such as gas exchange. The maximum number of pods per plant and pod yield obtained when the crop was sown on 20th january. The filtered refined oil is used for cooking and in making margarine.
The planimetric approach is based on the principle of the correlation between the individual leaf area and the number of area units covered by that leaf in a horizontal plane. Leaf area index, chlorophyll, photosynthesis rate of lettuce. The adult is a brownish gray moth, 6 mm long with 10 mm wing span. Effects of soil moisture deficits on the water relations of. This would be expected to increase the rue when biomass is sourcelimited. Growth, phenological and yield responses of a bambara. This data set provides global leaf area index lai values for woody species.
The peanuts seeds are used for roasting or salting and for the preparation of peanut butter. Morphological variation in kerstings groundnut kerstigiella. Growth, phenology and yield of a local bambara groundnut landrace from jozini, kwazulunatal, characterised into three selections according to seed coat colour, namely brown, red and light brown, were evaluated under irrigated and rainfed. Leaf area index estimates using remotely sensed data and brdf. A new method for estimating the leaf area index of cucumber. It characterizes the canopyatmosphere interface, where most of the energy fluxes exchange. Effect of hydropriming on the leaf area index lai of bambara groundnut leaf area index was not significantly affected by hydropriming periods shown in table 5. An assessment on variation among genotypes of kerstings. As for the leaf area, it was measured at three stages, 75, 90 and 105 days from planting, and it was determined using the disk method according to johanson 1967.
Effect of planting density on yield components and yield. In groundnut, water use efficiency wue is correlated with specific leaf area sla. Singh 2007 reported increase in lai with an increase in n level up to 80 kg n ha1 1. Growth analysis and yield of two varieties of groundnut. Asia asia has the largest area of groundnut cultivation in the world contributing to 67% of the total production in 2007. Mack 1991 relations between leaf area index and growth characteristics of florunner, southern runner, and sunrunner peanut. The principal peanut cultivars grown in alabama are runner market types. A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of dates of sowing on growth and yield of groundnut crop during the summer season taking five promising varieties of the region. The groundnut pod is produced underground at the tip of the pegs. Leaf area index lai is a critical vegetation structural variable and is essential in the feedback of vegetation to the climate system.
Groundnut inshell area, yield and production in various developing countries in africa, asia and latin america during the last decade. It is defined as the onesided green leaf area per unit ground surface area lai leaf area ground area, m2 m2 in broadleaf canopies. At 4,6,8 and 10wap control have higher leaf area index 0. International journal of precision agricultural aviation.
Effects of soil moisture deficits on the water relations. A field experiment was set up with three different groundnut cultivars v1 bard479, v2 chakwal2011 and v3 chakwal2016 with three replications. Pdf stability of parameters describing crop growth of peanut arachis hypogaea l. Real time estimation of leaf area index and groundnut. Leaf area determination techniques after leaf collection, leaf area can be calculated by means of eitherplanimetric or gravimetric techniques daughtry, 1990. Yield response of three groundnut arachis hypogaea l. Groundnut seed consists of two cotyledons, stem axis and leaf primordia, hypocotyls and primary root. Roderick 19 mentioned specific leaf area sla is a mean area of leaf displayed per unit of leaf weight in a sense a measure of leaf density or relative thickness. A quantity of 250 mg of leaf tissue third leaf from top was homogenised with 80 per cent acetone and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes. Measurement of chlorophyll content of leaves the chlorophyll content of leaves was measured using the chlorophyll meter spad 502. Higher leaf area index in groundnut with application of. Keywords leaf area index a net assimilation rate a.
Growth stages of groundnut plant groundnut agronomy. Half of the total needle surface area per unit ground surface area. Physiological responses of groundnut are a useful tool in physiological and agronomic studies. Specific leaf area an overview sciencedirect topics. The two groundnut varieties showed identical pattern of results for leaf area index, dry. Real time estimation of leaf area index and groundnut yield using multispectral uav muhammad naveed tahir, yubin lan, yali zhang, yingkuan wang, faisal nawaz, muhammad arslan ahmed shah, asim gulzar, waqar shahid qureshi, syed manshoor naqvi, syed zaigham abbas naqvi.
Such a trend was reported for peanut rue by bell et al. Peanut leaf area index, light interception, radiation use efficiency, and harvest index at three sites in texas. Graphic presentation of the proposed approach step 2. Leaf area index lai is widely used to describe the photosynthetic and transpirational surface of plant canopies. Here we describe the work related to the estimation of leaf area index lai and specific leaf area sla, or its inverse, the leaf mass per area lma. A global database of fieldobserved leaf area index in. Leaf area index is a dimensionless quantity that characterizes plant canopies. Jbar 08010214 biological control of leaf spot of groundnut. The latter can be used as a surrogate trait for selecting for wue. Leaf areas of the samples were measured with a licor li3100 leaf area meter licor inc. Leaf area index lai of kerstings groundnut genotypes on the basis of the seed colour, the lai of the genotypes were significantly different p 40 kg n ha1 as compared to lower doses 20 kg ha1 and control was also reported by reddy et al. Effect of dates of sowing on growth and yield of groundnut. Gene effects for specific leaf area and harvest index in three crosses. The relative leaf area rla was calculated by dividing the area of each leaf by the mean leaf area of the plant for each rlh as follows.
Growth and production of soybeans and growth and production of oil palm. Sequentially branched forms in which plant structure is smaller and formed over a shorter time and in which rate of leaf growth to total growth decline earlier tend to have a larger hi than the longer lived and more freely branched alternate forms in which vegetative growth is. Predicted pod yields of bambara groundnut kg ha1 across the world 19 12. The hypocotyl stops elongating as soon as light strikes the emerging cotyledon. Effect of planting density on yield components and yield of.
Peanut leaf area index, light interception, radiation use efficiency, and harvest index at three sites in texas article pdf available in field crops research 9123 february 2005 with 339 reads. Leaf area index lai was calculated according to radford 1967 formula land area plant cm leaf area plant 2cm leaf area index lai 2 1. Biomass, harvest index, interaction effect, leaf area index, pod yield, seed yield 1. Field trials were carried out to evaluate the effects of seven weed management strategies on the growth and yield of two groundnut varieties samnut 10 and mk 373 for two successive seasons 20102011. Countries area 000 ha yield t ha1 production 000 t africa nigeria 1 798 1. Easy, accurate, inexpensive, and nondestructive methods to determine individual leaf area of plants are a useful tool in physiological and agronomic studies. Effect of npk micro doses fertilizer on leaf area, leaf area index. A new method for estimating the leaf area index of. Pdf peanut leaf area index, light interception, radiation use. The experimental layout was a split plot complete randomized block design with three replications. The main objective of this study was to estimate real time lai and yield of groundnut crop based on normalized difference vegetation index ndvi using low cost multispectral uav. Determination of coefficient defining leaf area development in. Reduced k values more upright leaves are important for allowing better light penetration into leaf canopies, thus illuminating more leaf area at a lower intensity of par, causing canopy carbon exchange rates to increase.
Groundnut, also commonly known as peanut arachis hypogaea, is a tropical. These flowers selfpollinate and produce an anchor or peg which penetrates the ground. Mar 27, 2015 field trials were carried out to evaluate the effects of seven weed management strategies on the growth and yield of two groundnut varieties samnut 10 and mk 373 for two successive seasons 20102011. The advancement of the global earth observation has enabled the development of global lai products and boosted global earth system modeling studies. Groundnut is grown in more than 100 countries over 22 million hectares in the. Peanut leaf area index, light interception, radiation use.
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